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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/utility/feedstylesheets/rss.xsl" media="screen"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><channel><title>Common Mistakes</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes</link><description /><dc:language>en-US</dc:language><generator>Telligent Community 10</generator><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid</link><pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2023 13:02:03 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 5/9/2023 1:02:03 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/12</link><pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2023 13:01:20 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 12 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 5/9/2023 1:01:20 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="align-left" style="float:left;" alt="Like a puzzle, nonfiction writing must be logical and your points must fit together for the reader." src="/resized-image/__size/375x275/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/5238.kreispuzzel_2D00_1713218_5F00_1280.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/11</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:44:44 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 11 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:44:44 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="align-left" style="float:left;" alt="Like a puzzle, nonfiction writing must be logical and your points must fit together for the reader." height="173" src="/resized-image/__size/320x240/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/5238.kreispuzzel_2D00_1713218_5F00_1280.jpg" width="335" /&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/10</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:44:03 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 10 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:44:03 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="align-left" style="float:left;" alt="Like a puzzle, nonfiction writing must be logical and your points must fit together for the reader." src="/resized-image/__size/320x240/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/5238.kreispuzzel_2D00_1713218_5F00_1280.jpg" /&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/9</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:35:12 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 9 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:35:12 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="align-left" style="float:left;" alt="Like a puzzle, nonfiction writing must be logical and your points must fit together for the reader." src="/resized-image/__size/320x240/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/6253.kreispuzzel_2D00_1713218_5F00_1280.jpg" /&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/8</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:34:27 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 8 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:34:27 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img alt="Like a puzzle, nonfiction writing must be logical and your points must fit together for the reader." src="/resized-image/__size/320x240/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/kreispuzzel_2D00_1713218_5F00_1280.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/7</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:31:01 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 7 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:31:01 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/6</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:30:12 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 6 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:30:12 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book.&lt;img class="align-right" style="float:right;" alt="Like a puzzle, nonfiction writing must be logical and your points must fit together for the reader." src="/resized-image/__size/320x240/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/puzzle_2D00_696725_5F00_1280.jpg" /&gt; Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/5</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:17:20 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 5 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:17:20 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Straw Man:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/4</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:06:28 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 4 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:06:28 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;br /&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;br /&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Straw Man:&lt;br /&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;br /&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;br /&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;br /&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;br /&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;br /&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/3</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 14:05:21 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 3 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 2:05:21 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will be left feeling confused or assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Red Herring:&lt;br /&gt;In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hasty Generalization:&lt;br /&gt;Making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Slippery Slope:&lt;br /&gt;Suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ad Hominem:&lt;br /&gt;Instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Straw Man:&lt;br /&gt;When you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;False Dichotomy:&lt;br /&gt;Arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bandwagon:&lt;br /&gt;Arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Appeal to Ignorance:&lt;br /&gt;Arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Appeal to Authority:&lt;br /&gt;This occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc:&lt;br /&gt;Meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: article, Nonfiction&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/2</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 12:17:45 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 2 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 12:17:45 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point or will be left feeling confused. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>10 Logical Fallacies Nonfiction Authors Should Avoid</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7873/10-logical-fallacies-nonfiction-authors-should-avoid/revision/1</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2020 12:07:57 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:83f78853-62cf-4e0e-ad90-c1d8e551a65a</guid><dc:creator>Author Learning Center</dc:creator><description>Revision 1 posted to Common Mistakes by Author Learning Center on 7/21/2020 12:07:57 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A logical fallacy occurs when someone attempts to make a point without proper research and reasoning. In order to be effective, your communications and arguments need to be logical. When you use a fallacy, deliberately or on accident, readers will assume you didn&amp;rsquo;t have enough evidence to truly prove your point or will be left feeling confused. As a result, fallacies can decrease your credibility and the quality of your book. Don&amp;rsquo;t take shortcuts in your &lt;a href="/publishing/traditional-publishing/w/book-proposals/7677/why-every-nonfiction-author-should-prepare-a-proposal"&gt;nonfiction book&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/speaking-engagements/7503/how-authors-can-become-better-public-speakers"&gt;speaking engagements&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="/marketing/events/w/interviews/7629/how-to-give-a-great-author-interview"&gt;interviews&lt;/a&gt;. Familiarize yourself with these ten common logical fallacies so that they don&amp;rsquo;t end up in your work.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Red Herring:&lt;/h3&gt;
In a work of fiction, a red herring can be a clever &lt;a href="/writing/managing-your-writing-life/w/education-and-craft/7847/20-literary-devices-to-strengthen-your-writing"&gt;literary device&lt;/a&gt; that tricks readers and keeps them guessing throughout the story. But the red herring logical fallacy has no place in nonfiction. When someone employs the red herring, he or she is attempting to distract readers or listeners with an issue only tangentially related to the bigger, more important issue that is being discussed.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework so they have more time for extracurricular activities, after-school jobs, and leisure. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;You don&amp;rsquo;t like homework? You should feel lucky to have homework. Some kids don&amp;rsquo;t even get to go to school.&amp;rdquo; The fact that some children don&amp;rsquo;t attend school has nothing to do with the impact the amount of homework is having on the students.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hasty Generalization: making a conclusion based on only a few examples as evidence. If you&amp;rsquo;re too quick to make a general statement about a group of people, location, or other topic, and are pressed for evidence, you won&amp;rsquo;t be able to offer much support.&lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;Wow, kids your age are really lazy. None of you want to do any hard work.&amp;rdquo; The teacher only made that statement based off of the actions of one small group of students.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Slippery Slope: suggesting that one action will eventually result in an extreme and undesirable outcome. Instead of closely investigating the chain of events that may occur after one action has taken place, someone using the slippery slope fallacy will jump straight to what he or she thinks is the worst outcome, without proper evidence.&lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework. The teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;First you ask for less homework. Soon you&amp;rsquo;ll be asking if we can watch television and play video games during class!&amp;rdquo; Asking for less homework is a far cry from watching TV and playing games in class; there&amp;rsquo;s no apparent correlation that the first would cause the second. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ad Hominem: instead of critiquing the argument or viewpoint being shared, an ad hominem is aimed at the person making the statement. You do not call into question the validity of the statement, or the sources used to back it up, but rather attack the person&amp;rsquo;s character, past actions, or life circumstances. This can look like a cheap shot, and like you don&amp;rsquo;t know enough to actually argue against the opposing viewpoint.&lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Whatever, I knew you would say no. You don&amp;rsquo;t even wear matching socks.&amp;rdquo; The teacher&amp;rsquo;s personal fashion choices have nothing to do with the decision to keep assigning homework.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Straw man: when you &amp;ldquo;attack a straw man,&amp;rdquo; you&amp;rsquo;re attacking an exaggerated or skewed version of an opponent&amp;rsquo;s argument. By misrepresenting what the opponent is actually saying, you&amp;rsquo;re able to make an argument, but not against the actual viewpoint.&lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request because, he explains, homework is good preparation for college. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You just want us all to be mindless drones who do whatever the authorities tell us to do!&amp;rdquo; There&amp;rsquo;s no evidence suggesting that is what the teacher desires, but it is what the student has decided the teacher has implied through faulty reasoning. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;False Dichotomy: arguing that there are only two possible options or outcomes, when in fact, there are others that are just as plausible. Be sure to consider all possible situations before deciding to only present two.&lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;You must hate us kids &amp;ndash; you shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have become a teacher.&amp;rdquo; The student is arguing that the teacher must give less homework, and if he doesn&amp;rsquo;t, that means he must dislike children. There are other possible explanations however, such as the teacher thinking homework helps students learn more or the teacher is required by the school to give a certain amount of homework.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bandwagon: arguing that something is true or right simply because others are doing it or thinking it. The fact that something is popular or gaining popularity does not automatically make it infallible. &lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;Ms. Smith and Mr. Jones don&amp;rsquo;t give us this much homework, so neither should you.&amp;rdquo; The other teachers may have their own reasons for giving less homework, but those reasons don&amp;rsquo;t necessarily apply to this specific teacher. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Appeal to ignorance: arguing that because something is currently unknown or unknowable, it is either impossible to prove or disprove. An appeal to ignorance can be avoided by doing more research into a topic or acknowledging the absence of official facts.&lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request, saying, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve never heard of too much homework harming anyone.&amp;rdquo; Based on this statement, it&amp;rsquo;s evident that the teacher has not done research to see what an appropriate amount of homework may be, or if there are any negative effects associated with an abundance of homework.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Appeal to authority: this occurs when you cite an authority figure to back up a claim without checking into the figure&amp;rsquo;s statement and credentials &amp;ndash; you automatically trust him or her because of a professional or celebrity status. But the authority figure may not be trustworthy and credible, and has gained authority through dishonest means. Furthermore, an authority figure could be a reliable source for one topic, but not another. &lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher denies their request. One student replies, &amp;ldquo;But Beyonc&amp;eacute; said in an interview that schools should assign less homework!&amp;rdquo; While Beyonc&amp;eacute; is a successful singer, songwriter, and dancer, and could presumably offer wisdom when it comes to these subjects, that does not automatically give her an authoritative voice when it comes to educational practices. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc: meaning &amp;ldquo;after this, therefore because of this,&amp;rdquo; a post hoc fallacy states that because Y followed X, Y must have occurred because of X. This argument ignores the other steps that could have happened in between. &lt;br /&gt; Example: a group of students asks a teacher to be assigned less homework, and the teacher replies, &amp;ldquo;The last time I gave you all less homework, your test average went down three points.&amp;rdquo; Less homework did not necessarily cause a decrease in test scores. Perhaps the test material was more difficult than the previous test, or the students took the test on the Friday before winter break and were distracted.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;The only way to avoid fallacious reasoning is by conducting thorough research. Check out these &lt;a href="/writing/nonfiction/w/platform-and-credibility/7802/10-research-tools-for-nonfiction-authors"&gt;10 Research Tools for Nonfiction Authors&lt;/a&gt; so you can start building a trustworthy and credible foundation for yourself and your book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>How to Write an Attention-Grabbing Opener and Backstory for a Memoir</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7589/how-to-write-an-attention-grabbing-opener-and-backstory-for-a-memoir</link><pubDate>Tue, 10 Dec 2019 17:41:52 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:6d356583-2b99-484d-aab8-4e81077ac7ca</guid><dc:creator>Marlan Warren</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by Marlan Warren on 12/10/2019 5:41:52 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The opening paragraph and first few pages of ANY book are critical. This is the writer&amp;#39;s chance to grab the reader&amp;#39;s attention and keep the pages turning. When beginning a memoir in particular, capture the reader right away with some important story clues but don&amp;rsquo;t dump the whole backstory all at once, says Marlan Warren, author and publicist with Roadmap Communications. Instead, sprinkle in bits and pieces of the backstory throughout the opening of your book. This way, readers will want to stick around to see what unfolds next and won&amp;#39;t get bored. Warren&amp;rsquo;s own fictional memoir, &lt;em&gt;Roadmaps for the Sexually Challenged: All&amp;#39;s Not Fair in Love or War&lt;/em&gt;, begins with a psychic reading and her main character asking, &amp;ldquo;Should I leave my husband?&amp;rdquo; This sets up the book&amp;rsquo;s theme and tells readers what the conflict will be, but still leaves plenty of mystery to grab attention.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/HowtoWriteanAttentionGrabbingOpenerandBackstoryforaMemoir.mp4"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../HowtoWriteanAttentionGrabbingOpenerandBackstoryforaMemoir.mp4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, video&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>How to Write an Attention-Grabbing Opener and Backstory for a Memoir</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/7589/how-to-write-an-attention-grabbing-opener-and-backstory-for-a-memoir/revision/1</link><pubDate>Tue, 10 Dec 2019 17:16:20 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:6d356583-2b99-484d-aab8-4e81077ac7ca</guid><dc:creator>Marlan Warren</dc:creator><description>Revision 1 posted to Common Mistakes by Marlan Warren on 12/10/2019 5:16:20 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The opening paragraph and first few pages of ANY book are critical. This is the writer&amp;#39;s chance to grab the reader&amp;#39;s attention and keep the pages turning. When beginning a memoir in particular, capture the reader right away with some important story clues but don&amp;rsquo;t dump the whole backstory all at once, says Marlan Warren, author and publicist with Roadmap Communications. Instead, sprinkle in bits and pieces of the backstory throughout the opening of your book. This way, readers will want to stick around to see what unfolds next and won&amp;#39;t get bored. Warren&amp;rsquo;s own fictional memoir, Roadmaps for the Sexually Challenged: All&amp;#39;s Not Fair in Love or War, begins with a psychic reading and her main character asking, &amp;ldquo;Should I leave my husband?&amp;rdquo; This sets up the book&amp;rsquo;s theme and tells readers what the conflict will be, but still leaves plenty of mystery to grab attention.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver-wikis-components-files/00-00-00-00-77/HowtoWriteanAttentionGrabbingOpenerandBackstoryforaMemoir.mp4"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../HowtoWriteanAttentionGrabbingOpenerandBackstoryforaMemoir.mp4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, video&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>Common Mistakes Made by Business Writers - podcast</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/5252/common-mistakes-made-by-business-writers---podcast</link><pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2018 19:48:16 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:399567c1-2333-4bcb-ae8e-09c99ab1da9c</guid><dc:creator>Shelia Heen</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by Shelia Heen on 11/15/2018 7:48:16 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-summary"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Shelia Heen, co-author of &amp;quot;Thanks for the Feedback,&amp;quot; discusses the craft of business writing. Writing nonfiction is fraught with competing concepts of what writers want, what readers need, and what readers think they need. Heen address the world of business writing with insight that came from her own experience. &amp;ldquo;I think that readers shop for books the way people shop for clothes,&amp;rdquo; says Heen. People are buying business and self-help books in the same way. How does this book fit the reader&amp;rsquo;s person felt need and lifestyle? Listen to her tips in the clip below!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-media"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver.wikis.components.files/00-00-00-00-77/CommonMistakesMadebyBusinessWriters.mp3"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../CommonMistakesMadebyBusinessWriters.mp3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, Subscriber, Business and Money, podcast&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>Common Mistakes Made by Business Writers - video</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/4918/common-mistakes-made-by-business-writers---video</link><pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2018 19:47:41 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:410b51d4-cab0-45cc-945c-ffbeb504cb81</guid><dc:creator>Shelia Heen</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by Shelia Heen on 11/15/2018 7:47:41 PM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-summary"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Shelia Heen, co-author of &amp;quot;Thanks for the Feedback,&amp;quot; discusses the craft of business writing. Writing nonfiction is fraught with competing concepts of what writers want, what readers need, and what readers think they need. Heen address the world of business writing with insight that came from her own experience. &amp;ldquo;I think that readers shop for books the way people shop for clothes,&amp;rdquo; says Heen. People are buying business and self-help books in the same way. How does this book fit the reader&amp;rsquo;s person felt need and lifestyle? Listen to her tips in the clip below!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-media"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver.wikis.components.files/00-00-00-00-77/CommonMistakesMadebyBusinessWriters.mp4"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../CommonMistakesMadebyBusinessWriters.mp4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, Subscriber, video, Business and Money&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>Genres That Authors Struggle With Most Often - podcast</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/2806/genres-that-authors-struggle-with-most-often---podcast</link><pubDate>Sun, 26 Feb 2017 11:30:40 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:a0aef9f9-d7be-4466-a505-c0f37e9fe50e</guid><dc:creator>Lucy Silag</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by Lucy Silag on 2/26/2017 11:30:40 AM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-body"&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-summary"&gt;Many authors are drawn to memoir writing because it allows them to share the powerful moments of their life with others. But finding marketing or publishing success as a memoir writer can be difficult. Lucy Silag, community and engagement manager at Book Country, discusses how to write a memoir that sells. She addresses the challenges of writing memoir and how you can overcome these struggles. Silag says that many authors write memoir like a collection of family anecdotes, which is fine if you are writing for just your family. But if you want to publish a memoir for commercial success, you need to find a way to speak to a larger audience. Memoirs should read like a novel, including a plot, story arc, characters, and conclusion. This is can be challenging since you&amp;#39;re writing nonfiction. Journaling and recording sensory detail can help you pick and choose scenes that fit into your story when writing your memoir. Reading many memoirs also helps you understand how a bestselling memoir is constructed.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-media"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver.wikis.components.files/00-00-00-00-77/GenresThatAuthorsStruggleWithMostOften.mp3"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../GenresThatAuthorsStruggleWithMostOften.mp3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, Biographies and Memoirs, podcast&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>Genres That Authors Struggle With Most Often - video</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/2866/genres-that-authors-struggle-with-most-often---video</link><pubDate>Sun, 26 Feb 2017 11:30:32 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:7d4eb286-8138-464d-afa2-f977f323eef7</guid><dc:creator>Lucy Silag</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by Lucy Silag on 2/26/2017 11:30:32 AM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-body"&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-summary"&gt;Many authors are drawn to memoir writing because it allows them to share the powerful moments of their life with others. But finding marketing or publishing success as a memoir writer can be difficult. Lucy Silag, community and engagement manager at Book Country, discusses how to write a memoir that sells. She addresses the challenges of writing memoir and how you can overcome these struggles. Silag says that many authors write memoir like a collection of family anecdotes, which is fine if you are writing for just your family. But if you want to publish a memoir for commercial success, you need to find a way to speak to a larger audience. Memoirs should read like a novel, including a plot, story arc, characters, and conclusion. This is can be challenging since you&amp;#39;re writing nonfiction. Journaling and recording sensory detail can help you pick and choose scenes that fit into your story when writing your memoir. Reading many memoirs also helps you understand how a bestselling memoir is constructed.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="asl-wikipage-media"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver.wikis.components.files/00-00-00-00-77/GenresThatAuthorsStruggleWithMostOften.mp4"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../GenresThatAuthorsStruggleWithMostOften.mp4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, Biographies and Memoirs, video&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item><item><title>Be a Mensch - podcast</title><link>https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/writing/nonfiction/w/common-mistakes/3850/be-a-mensch-_2d00_-podcast</link><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">809ccca5-04d2-44bf-8f5c-ff0a6d33c80b:1fd64821-96ec-48ee-927a-adcf39ef3f02</guid><dc:creator>David Margolick</dc:creator><description>Current Revision posted to Common Mistakes by David Margolick on 1/9/2017 12:00:00 AM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class='asl-wikipage-body'&gt;&lt;div class='asl-wikipage-summary'&gt;While conducting researching for your book, the quality of your interviews directly impacts the quality of your book. So, how do you conduct a successful interview for your book? David Margolick, journalist and author of "Elizabeth and Hazel: Two Women of Little Rock," shares his interview tips for writers. As the interviewer, your personality and demeanor impacts whether others want to work with you. Margolick says that in your position, you need to be a mensch—a nice, empathetic person. It's important to listen and make adjustments when you're interviewing someone. Show the interviewee that you're serious, and that what your book will be better because of what he or she is sharing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='asl-wikipage-media'&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.authorlearningcenter.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver.wikis.components.files/00-00-00-00-77/DavidMargolickBeaMensch.mp3"&gt;www.authorlearningcenter.com/.../DavidMargolickBeaMensch.mp3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;Tags: Nonfiction, Subscriber, podcast&lt;/div&gt;
</description></item></channel></rss>